Fig. 1: Study cohort and timepoints.

All patients entered the study at baseline with histologically confirmed CIN2. The results of follow-up histology and cytology were assessed at 12 and 24 months to determine whether the individual had regressed (at least 2× normal histology or cytology) or not (non-regression). By 12 months, 45 patients were classified as non-regressors. Of these, one patient had progressed to CIN3 and nine were subsequently lost to follow-up, leaving 35 patients for a further subgroup analysis. The vaginal microbiome composition at this 12-month follow-up visit was then regarded to be the ‘new baseline’, and the outcome from 12 to 24 months was then assessed. LFU lost to follow-up.