Fig. 3: The compensation required to achieve NNL of biodiversity for our best performing Averted Loss and Improvement policy designs (see Fig. 2).

Numbers above bars show required multipliers, according to our simulated rates of biodiversity losses and gains. Columns show the required compensation area relative to the land available for compensation. In two cases (Cabo Delgado and East Kalimantan), the land required for compensation exceeds that available for protection or restoration.