Fig. 1: Crystallization of Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite single crystal (PSC).
a Schematic of the nucleation-controlled method to grow Cs3Bi2I9 PSCs. b, c The red laser beams illuminate on the original solution and refined solution. d, e Schematic illustrations of the Gibbs free energy change as a function of particle radius for homogeneous nucleation. (ΔGtot is the total Gibbs free energy change due to the change of surface area (ΔGs) and the volume (ΔGv). ΔG0 is the free energy change at the critical nucleation point, and r0 is the critical particle radius). f, g Photographs of Cs3Bi2I9 PSCs grown using the original solution and refined solution. Scale bar, 5 mm.
