Fig. 1: Seismicity and deformation at Bárðarbunga.
From: Unexpected large eruptions from buoyant magma bodies within viscoelastic crust
a Earthquakes versus time (1 September 2013–15 August 2014; before diking and eruption) plotted as impulses scaled with magnitude (right axis). Earthquakes prior to M3.7 event on 16 May 2014 shown in blue and red afterwards. Also shown is cumulative seismic moment (shaded in grey; left axis), and horizontal displacement in direction N279.4°E (yellow dots) at GPS-station VONC from detrended time series (Supplementary Fig. 1). Error bars (1σ) in grey. b Inferred location of the earthquakes (Methods) shown in a, with earthquakes prior to M3.7 event on 16 May 2014 shown in blue and red afterwards. Small map of Iceland shows the study area outlined with a red box, fissure swarms76 with grey shading, and oval outlines showing central volcanoes and calderas76. c Location of M > 4.6 earthquakes during the caldera collapse (Methods). Note aseismic segments of the caldera. Background map shows shaded surface (grey) and Vatnajökull icecap (white) topography from the ArcticDEM database77, and outlines of the Bárðarbunga central volcano (oval shape) and its caldera42. Straight lines show segments of the lateral dike that formed and black open circles are ice cauldrons5.
