Fig. 3: “Liquefication” phenomena with the relevant simulation analysis.

a STEM image series captured in real-time showing two Pred segments merging together during sodiation. Scale bar is 100 nm. Simulated hoop stress distribution of b Pred@CNF and c a freestanding Pred particle. d Hoop stress evolution and e axial stress evolution at the hot spot (labelled by black) of Pred@CNF and a freestanding Pred particle during sodiation.