Fig. 1: The mechanism of Li metal DNP.

a–c The conduction electron spin-bands of a metal, plotted against energy (E): a in the absence of a magnetic field; b in an applied magnetic field (B0), resulting in a Pauli paramagnetic moment (M); and c after microwave (μw) irradiation at the CESR frequency. Note that the arrows for each spin-band represent the electron magnetic moment, not the electron spin which is opposite in sign. d Schematic of hyperpolarisation of lithium metal on application of microwaves (DNP, black dashed arrows) and subsequent spin diffusion in the heterogenous mixed organic/inorganic SEI (grey dashed arrows).