Fig. 1: A. fumigatus induces glycolysis in macrophages.

a Transcriptome analysis of human macrophages infected with A. fumigatus for 2 or 6 h. Numbers indicate genes with differential expression, up- (red) or downregulated (blue) in infected relative to uninfected cells. b Pathway analysis of up- (red) or downregulated (blue) genes 2 h after infection. Genes were categorized into the most represented pathways, in which the gene products are involved. c Transcriptional profiles of macrophages left untreated (Ctrl) or infected with A. fumigatus (Af) for 2 h (n = 3). Expression of genes is presented as centered, and scaled log₂ fluorescence intensity (blue and red keys) grouped by product function. d mRNA expression of GLUT1, HK2, and PFKFB3 in macrophages infected for 1, 2, 4, or 8 h relative to uninfected cells (n = 6). e mRNA expression of Glut1, Hk2, and Pfkfb3 in mouse lungs sampled 1 or 3 days after infection (n = 8, representative of three independent experiments). f Lactate secretion and glucose consumption by macrophages left untreated or infected at 1:2 or 1:10 for 24 h (n = 6). g ADP/ATP ratio (n = 5) and h targeted metabolomics (n = 6) in macrophages left untreated or infected for 6 h. Data are expressed as mean values ± SEM. P-values were calculated using Student’s two-tailed t test or two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.