Fig. 2: Glycolysis is required for antifungal immune responses.

a Lactate secretion (n = 4) and b conidiacidal activity (n = 8) of macrophages left untreated (Ctrl) or infected with A. fumigatus for 24 or 3 h, respectively, without or with 5, 10, or 20 mM 2-DG (n = 4). c ROS production by macrophages left untreated or infected for 24 h without or with 10 mM 2-DG (n = 8). d Phagocytosis of macrophages infected for 1 h without or with 5, 10, or 20 mM 2-DG (n = 6). e Production of IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 by macrophages infected for 24 h without or with 10 mM 2-DG (n = 10). f Lactate secretion by macrophages left untreated (Ctrl) or infected with A. fumigatus for 24 h without or with 10 mM 2-DG, 30 µM 3PO or 500 nM 6-AN (n = 7). g Lactate secretion by mouse alveolar macrophages left untreated (Ctrl) or infected for 24 h without or with 10 mM 2-DG (n = 3). h Experimental setup for glycolysis inhibition in vivo during infection. Fungal burden (log₁₀) per gram of lung tissue was determined in PBS- or 2-DG-treated mice after 1 day of infection (n = 8, representative of three independent experiments). i Levels of IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 in lung homogenates of PBS- or 2-DG-treated mice after 1 day of infection (n = 5). j Production of IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 and k conidiacidal activity of mouse splenocytes isolated from PBS- or 2-DG-treated mice and restimulated for 24 (n = 10) or 2 h (n = 5), respectively. Data are expressed as mean values ± SEM. P-values were calculated using Student’s two-tailed t test or two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test.