Fig. 4: MD simulations of welding between graphene-like nanosheets.

a Atomic configuration of two face-to-face contact 3LGs/Cu (6LGs/Cu). b Simulation results illustrating the color Z-direction stress maps of YâZ single-layer slice in the middle of 6LGs/Cu and the formation of covalent-like bonds between graphene layers at 493âK, 693âK, 897âK, and 1093âK. c, d The bonding length statistics at different simulated temperatures of (c) 6LGs and (d) 6LGs/Cu models. e The 1LG pull-out stress versus temperature plots for 6LGs and 6LGs/Cu. Source data are provided as a Source data file.