Fig. 1: Structural characterization of np-Ir/NiFeO.

a Schematic illustration of the preparation of np-Ir/NiFeO. b HAADF-STEM image of np-Ir/NiFeO, showing that Ir atoms appear as bright spots (highlighted by the white circles) and dispersed on the amorphous surface. c Intensity profiles along the lines X–Y in (b). d HRTEM image, showing the interface between (Ni0.74Fe0.26)3P and amorphous (oxy)hydroxides. e HAADF-STEM image and the corresponding EDX elemental mapping. f XPS spectra of np-Ir/NiFeP and np-Ir/NiFeO in Ir 4f region. g The normalized XANES at the Ir L3-edge of Ir foil, IrO2, np-Ir/NiFeP, and np-Ir/NiFeO. h Corresponding to FT-EXAFS spectra from (g). i First-shell (Ir–O) fitting of FT-EXAFS spectrum for np-Ir/NiFeO. Inset shows the structure of optimized np-Ir/NiFeO. Scale bar: b 2 nm, d 5 nm, e 5 nm.