Fig. 6: Toeholds enable in-storage file operations.

a (Top) Schematic of locking and unlocking in-storage file operations. (Bottom) Attempts to access file A by DORIS without locking (No-Lock), with locking but without a key (No-Key), or with locking and key added at different temperatures (orange) (n = 3 for each condition). The lock was added at 98 °C. The key was added at different temperatures (orange) and then cooled to 14 °C (n = 3 for each condition). Oligo A’ was added at different access temperatures of 25, 35, 45, or 75 °C for 2 min, followed by a temperature drop of 1 °C/min to 25 °C (n = 3 for each condition). Separation efficiency is the amount of file A recovered relative to its original quantity, as measured by qPCR. b (Top) Schematic of rename and delete operations. File A was modified by renaming or deleting oligos. (Bottom) The completion of each operation was tested by measuring how much of the file was separated by each individual oligo: A’, B’, or C’. Separation efficiency is the amount of file A separated relative to its original amount in the database, as measured by qPCR. No Mod (No file modification/operation). Plotted values represent the arithmetic mean, and error bars represent the s.d., of three independent replicate file operations/separations. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.