Fig. 1: BMAT is transcriptionally distinct from white, brown and beige adipose tissues.

a–d Transcriptional profiling of gonadal WAT, inguinal WAT and whole BMAT isolated from the proximal tibia (pBMAT), distal tibia (dBMAT) or radius and ulna (ruBMAT) of two cohorts of rabbits. a Principal component analysis of both cohorts. b–d Volcano plots (b), GSEA (c) and heatmaps (d) of transcripts differentially expressed between BMAT (dBMAT + ruBMAT) and WAT (iWAT + gWAT) in rabbit cohort 1. In b–e, red text indicates differentially expressed transcripts (b) or transcripts/pathways relating to glucose metabolism and/or insulin responsiveness (c–e); ns not significant. e Transcriptional profiling of adipocytes isolated from femoral BM or subcutaneous WAT of humans. f Representative micrographs of H&E-stained sections of human femoral BM, subcutaneous WAT and trabecular bone, representative of 24 subjects; scale bar = 150 µm. qPCR (g) of adipocytes isolated from tissues in (f). Data are mean ± SEM of the following numbers of human subjects per cell type: BM Ads, n = 10; WAT Ads, n = 10; Bone Ads, n = 7 (except IRS1, where n = 2 only). For each transcript, significant differences between each cell type are indicated by *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 or ***P < 0.001. Significance for normally distributed transcripts (INSR, IRS1, IRS2, SLC2A3 and UCP1) was assessed by one-way ANOVA using Dunnett’s test for multiple comparisons; for IRS1, Sidak’s multiple comparisons test was used because, with n = 2 for Bone Ads, only BMAds and WAT Ads were compared. For non-normally distributed transcripts (SLC2A4 and SLC2A1) significance was assessed by the Kruskal–Wallis test, using Dunn’s test for multiple comparisons. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. See also Supplementary Figs. 1 and 2.