Fig. 1: Theory of mind behavior.
From: Reduced neural selectivity for mental states in deaf children with delayed exposure to sign language
a Proportion correct on linguistic (L (ASL); left) and minimally linguistic (ML; right) ToM tasks (y-axis) by age (top row; x-axis) or by Z-scored age of ASL onset (middle row; x-axis). Z scores are used for de-identification of data. Native signers (n = 16, L task; n = 21, ML task) are shown in blue; delayed signers (n = 12 (both tasks)) are shown in orange. For the linguistic task, gray dots show 3–12 year-old hearing participants who completed an analogous task in English in other studies (n = 137). Gray shading (top row) shows the 95% confidence level interval for a linear regression predicting the effect of age on ToM performance, per ASL signing group. Asterisk (middle left) indicates a significant effect of age of ASL onset on linguistic ToM performance (b = −0.54, t = −3.4, 95% CI = [−0.86, −0.21], P = 0.002; linear regression controlling for age). b Standard boxplots of proportion correct on linguistic and minimally linguistic ToM tasks for native (blue; n = 16, L task; n = 21, ML task) and delayed (orange, n = 12, both tasks) signers (y-axis) by question category (x-axis; FB refers to false-belief items). Center line indicates median, box reflects interquartile range, whiskers show first quartile/third quartile −/+ 1.5*IQR, means are shown with black diamonds, and individual data points are shown with blue (NS) and orange (DS) circles. Source data are provided as a Source Data file and at https://osf.io/kyu3f/.
