Fig. 4: Theoretical simulations of K storage and diffusion.

Typical models of K atoms intercalated/adsorbed into/on (a) the (001) facet, (010) facet and (001) interlayer of bilayer VOPO4 and (b) the (001) facet, (010) facet and (001) interlayer of four-layer VOPO4. c Corresponding binding energies of the six models in a and b. Typical models of K atom diffusion path in the interlayer of (d) restacked VOPO4 and (e) VOPO4-graphene. f K diffusion energy profiles of restacked VOPO4 and VOPO4-graphene.