Fig. 5: PIB performances.

a Charge/discharge profiles of bulk VOPO4·2H2O, restacked VOPO4 nanoflakes and VOPO4-graphene at 0.1C (16 mA g−1). b Comparison of cycling performance of bulk VOPO4·2H2O, restacked VOPO4 nanoflakes and VOPO4-graphene at 0.1C. c Rate capability of bulk VOPO4·2H2O, restacked VOPO4 nanoflakes and VOPO4-graphene at various current densities. d Long-term cycling performance of VOPO4-graphene at current densities of 0.5, 2, and 5C. e Comparison of VOPO4-graphene cathode with some other reported cathodes for PIBs. Further details pertaining to the selected cathode materials are provided in the Supplementary Table 1.