Fig. 3: Conventional operando XAS characterization.

a Potential dependence of operando Cu K edge XANES spectra without phase-correction of the CuOx under CO2RR in 0.5 M CO2-saturated KHCO3 using chronoamperometry (CA) and the corresponding 1st derivative spectra (b). c Potential dependence of operando EXAFS spectra of the CuOx under eCO2RR in 0.5 M CO2-saturated KHCO3 using CA. d Potential dependence of operando Cu K edge XANES spectra without phase-correction of the CuOx under CO2RR in 0.5 M CO2-saturated KHCO3 using R.S. and the corresponding 1st derivative spectra (e). f Potential dependence of operando EXAFS spectra of the CuOx under eCO2RR in 0.5 M CO2-saturated KHCO3 using R.S.