Fig. 2: Performance of conductive membranes.

a Permeability of PES membranes (with and without SIS treatment) before and after lasing. Error bars represent the range of data from repeated measurements. b Sheet resistance of lased membranes with and without SIS treatment as a function of the laser power used. c Applied potential required to maintain a reducing current of 10 mA cm−2 using SIS-PES-LIG electrodes over 14 days.