Fig. 3: Phenotypic response of GAPC-altered Arabidopsis to heat.

a–c Quantitative measurements of growth response to heat. Five-day-old seedlings were treated at 40 °C for the indicated times, then placed back to normal temperature condition. Plants were measured for seedling survival rate (a), chlorophyll content (b), and seedling weight (c). Values are average ± S.D. P values indicate significant difference from WT determined by two-tailed student’s t test (n = 3 for a & b and 5 for c independent groups of >30 seedlings). Black dots represent individual data points. FW, fresh weight. d Electrolyte leakage. Conductivity was measured with rosette leaves from 3-week-old plants immediately after heat treatment at 40 °C for 6 h. Electrolyte leakage was calculated and shown here as % conductivity of total ions (boiled sample). Values are average ± S.D. P values indicate significant difference from WT determined by two-tailed student’s t test (n = 5 leaves from independent plants). Black dots represent individual data points. DKO, double knockout mutant of GAPC. e Reactive oxygen species production. Rosette leaves from 3-week-old plants were incubated with NBT immediately after heat treatment at 40 °C for 6 h. NBT-formazan was quantified as absorbance at 700 nm and shown here as per tissue weight. Values are average ± S.D. P values indicate significant difference from WT determined by two-tailed student’s t test (n = 5 leaves from independent plants). Black dots represent individual data points. f Seedling survival at 45 °C. Five-day-old seedlings were treated at 45 °C for 2.5 h, then placed back to normal temperature condition. After 2 days the seedlings were measured for survival rate. Values are average ± S.D. P values indicate significant difference from WT determined by two-tailed student’s t test (n = 3 independent groups of >30 seedlings). Black dots represent individual data points.