Fig. 10: Proposed model of regulation and immunosuppression of TNC in TNBC.

Skp2 is able to catalyze the formation of the Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains targeting TNC, which facilitats the recognition of TNC by the autophagy receptor p62, followed by further degradation by the autophagy-lysosome system. In autophagy-deficient TNBC cells, TNC is accumulated due to an abnormal autophagy-lysosome degradation pathway, resulting in TNBC cells resistance to T-cell-mediated immune attack.