Fig. 1: Schematic of all-solid-state electrochemical CO2RR reactor and performance comparisons.

a Schematic illustration of the all-solid-state electrochemical CO2RR to formic acid reactor. AEM anion exchange membrane, CEM cation exchange membrane, GDL gas diffusion layer, PSE porous solid electrolyte. Electrochemically generated HCOO− and H+ ions were driven by the electric field to move across the AEM or CEM into the PSE layer and recombined to form formic acid molecule, which can be released quickly in its vapor phase via the N2 carrier gas flow. b The electrochemical performance of our all-solid-state CO2RR reactor compared with previous literature (A: ref. 46, B: ref. 36, C: ref. 35, D: ref. 31).