Fig. 4: In vitro mild PTT-enhanced SDT via TiH1.924-PVP.
From: Preparation of TiH1.924 nanodots by liquid-phase exfoliation for enhanced sonodynamic cancer therapy
a Schematic illustration of TiH1.924-PVP for mild PTT-enhanced sonodynamic therapy. b Relative viabilities of 4T1 cells after incubation with various concentrations of TiH1.924-PVP for 12 h and 24 h (n = 6 biologically independent samples). c Relative viabilities of 4T1 cells after different treatments, including control, TiH1.924-PVP, NIR, US, NIR/US, TiH1.924-PVP/NIR, TiH1.924-PVP/US, and TiH1.924-PVP/NIR/US (n = 6 biologically independent samples). d Confocal images of 4T1 cells stained with calcein AM (green, live cells) and propidium iodide (red, dead cells) after different treatments. e Confocal images of 4T1 cells stained with DCFH-DA after various treatments. The nuclei and intracellular ROS were stained by DAPI (blue) and DCFH-DA (green), respectively. TiH1.924-PVP: 50 µg mL−1, NIR laser: 1064 nm, 0.8 W cm−2, 10 min, T < 42 °C; US irradiation: 40 kHz, 3 W cm−2, 1 min per cycle, 5 cycles. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. Statistical significance was calculated with two-tailed Student’s t test (c). A representative image of three biological replicates from each group is shown in d, e.
