Fig. 2: Seasonal mixed layer heat budget at 11.5°N, 23°W.

a Seasonal cycle of the individual contributions to the mixed layer (ML) heat budget as indicated in the legend. b Heat tendency (black) and the sum of the individual heat budget contributions (gray; sum of fluxes) as shown in a. The residual of these two terms is shown by the dashed orange line. Red dots indicate the vertical diffusive ML heat flux estimates from microstructure observations of the eight existing realizations at this location (vertical red lines denote the 95% confidence limits). Error estimates for the individual ePIRATA terms and the residual are calculated as explained in the “Methods” section. Note that the ticks on the x-axis correspond to the middle of the month.