Fig. 3: The relationship between cognitive scores and hippocampal subregion volumes.

a, b Linear regression models showed that across the sample, anterior (pink) but not posterior hippocampal volumes (blue) significantly correlated with episodic memory scores, p = 0.005, and vocabulary scores, p < 0.001, after controlling for age and sex; n = 690 participants. c, d Linear regressions also showed that within the lower income subsample (≤$75k), anterior (pink), but not posterior hippocampal volumes (blue) correlated with episodic memory, p = 0.009, and vocabulary scores, p = 0.015; n = 399 participants. e, f Within the higher income subsample, linear regressions showed that anterior hippocampal volumes (pink) correlated with vocabulary scores, p = 0.01, but not episodic memory scores, p = 0.33, n = 291 participants. There were no relationships between posterior hippocampal volumes (blue) and cognitive scores in either income subsample, all ps > 0.40. See Supplementary Fig. 9a–d for plots with individual data points. In all plots, the residuals of cognitive scores were calculated by removing the variance associated with age and sex. These residuals were then converted to z-scores for plotting. Gray shading reflects 95% confidence intervals around the mean. False discovery rate adjusted p values are presented in the text.