Fig. 1: Induction of t-LTP in single dendritic spines.

a Experimental protocol for t-LTP induction in single dendritic spines (sp). b Representative experiment where a spine was activated with t-LTP pre–post pairing protocol of +13 ms. Traces correspond to average of ten uEPSPs recorded in the soma and generated by 2P uncaging before (control, black trace) and after t-LTP induction (red trace) over the indicated spine (red dot). c Time course of uEPSP amplitude, neck length, and spine head volume (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.25, respectively, n = 9 spines, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA) following STDP induction with pre–post timing of +13 ms. n.s. not significant; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001, post hoc Dunnet’s test. d Changes in uEPSP amplitude, neck length, and head volume of the activated spine 15–25 min after t-LTP induction with a pre–post timing of +13 ms (uEPSP = 121.00 ± 6.98%, P = 0.039, neck length = 71.88 ± 8.29%, P = 0.019, spine head volume = 109.63 ± 8.84%, P = 0.38; n = 9 spines, two-sided Wilcoxon test; *P < 0.05). e Time course of uEPSP amplitude, neck length, and spine head volume (P = 0.45, 0.09, and 0.36 respectively, n = 8 spines, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA) changes following STDP induction with pre–post timing of +7 ms. n.s. not significant, post hoc Dunnet’s test. f Changes in uEPSP amplitude, neck length, and head volume of the activated spine 15–25 min after t-LTP induction with a pre–post timing of +7 ms (uEPSP = 90.06 ± 5.00%, P = 0.15; neck length = 92.10 ± 7.15%, P = 0.38; spine head volume = 95.67 ± 7.25%, P = 0.84; n = 8 spines, two-sided Wilcoxon test). Shaded area and error bars represent SEM and Time 0 represents the end of the STDP induction protocol. Lines, bars, and dots in c–f: uEPSP = black, neck length = red, and head volume = blue.