Fig. 3: Differential temperature effects on life-history traits among six groups of Indo-Pacific fishes.

Temperature effects on three life-history parameters, K, L_∞, and M (at A₅₀) (a–c), are quantified by fitting a linear mixed-effect model for each group with mean-centered SST as the fixed-effect predictor and a ln-transformed life-history parameter as the response. The slopes (β₁) and back-transformed intercepts (e^β0) for the six groups of fishes are plotted as the point measures with the 95% confidence intervals as error bars. Vertical dashed lines are reference lines corresponding to β₁ = 0 (i.e., no temperature sensitivity) and e^{β0 = fixed-effect intercepts} pooling all species (mean trait value evaluated at species-specific mean SST). Ordination of the temperature effects on ln K and ln L_∞ for the six groups of fishes based on principal component analysis (PCA; d). Black symbols denote the positions of six groups in the reduced dimension space. Orange arrows denote correlation between the temperature effects and the principal components (PC1 and PC2).