Fig. 3: Preferential transmission of complex genetic traits in yeast via chromosome drive.

a Process by which chromosome drive transmits synXII by mating and sporulation. SynXII is encoded by a, highly repetitive rDNA sequence of S. bayanus. b Sequences of PCR products amplified from ITS regions for BY4741, JDY476 and four driven spores. The red frame indicates the sequence difference in rDNA between S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus. c Restriction enzyme digestion to verify the absence of the native ITS sequence in the driven spores. The PCR products were treated with (bottom) or without (top) ApaI. Four driven spores (yHX0290, yHX0291, yHX0292, and yHX0293) was used for the test. BY4741 and JDY476 were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. d Process by which chromosome drive transmits thermotolerance-related chromosomes. The detailed process of the construction of the heterozygous haploid is shown in Supplementary Fig. 12. e Distribution of SNPs throughout the entire chrXIV for four driven spores (yHX0285, yHX0286, yHX0287, and yHX0288) and Y12. The number of SNPs was counted every 26 kb, with chrXIV of BY4741 used as a control. f Serial dilution assay of four driven spores (yHX0285, yHX0286, yHX0287, and yHX0288) at 30, 37, and 40 °C. BY4742 and yHX0266 were used as controls. g Process by which chromosome drive transmits SCRaMbLEd synX with an unresolved chromium resistance trait. h Electrophoretic karyotype analysis of four dissected spores (yHX0236, yHX0237, yHX238, and yHX0239) via PFGE. Strains BY4742, synX, and yHX0065 were used as controls for chrX, synX, and SCRaMbLEd synX, respectively. The purple triangle indicates the positions of chrX, the red triangle indicates the positions of synX and the yellow triangle indicates the positions of SCRaMbLEd synX. i Serial dilution assay of four driven spores (yHX0236, yHX0237, yHX238, and yHX0239) under 0.15 mM Cd(NO₃)₂ for 72 h. Strains synX and BY4742 were used as controls. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.