Fig. 1: Seasonal dust emission simulated by the model.

Dust emission for four seasons when (a–d) vegetation is prescribed to be absent on land and (e–h) vegetation is simulated by the model. The surface erodibility is spatially and temporally uniform with a value of 0.0375. Each season has three consecutive months and the Spring starts from March. Black contour lines represent continental boundaries. Values on the upper right corner of each panel are the average of dust emission over the continents. Unit: Tg season−1.