Table 2 Results from binomial generalized linear models predicting the presence of protected areas and the achievement of the 2030 targets (30% coverage on both terrestrial and marine areas) for the 2323 islands globally as a function of 16 factors (see Table 1 and “Methods”).

Maximum temperature

2

1

11.8***

0.30

1

15.7***

1

39.8***

Minimum temperature

2

1

11.7***

0.99

10.8***

1

13.1***

1

11.5***

Maximum precipitation

2

1

9.7***

1

29.8***

0.98

5.8**

1

8.5***

Minimum precipitation

2

0.42

0.99

10.7***

0.75

3.0*

0.94

4.8**

Surface area

2

1

13.3***

0.99

19.6***

0.45

0.74

3.7*

Distance to the mainland

2

0.96

5.2**

1

18.4***

0.89

4.1*

0.21

Maximum altitude

2

0.61

0.6^NS

0.40

0.96

4.0*

0.20

Mean altitude

2

0.45

0.48

0.82

2.6*

0.15

Fractal dimension

2

1

10.7***

1

16.4***

0.42

0.99

8.0***

Cropland area

2

0.49

0.26

0.63

2.1^NS

0.14

Freshwater area

2

0.26

1.0

0.48

0.54

1.3^NS

0.38

Population density

2

0.20

0.30

1

22.7***

1

22.8***

Number of languages

2

1

15.0***

1

27.2***

1

15.5***

1

54.0***

Institutional languages

2

1

8.3***

1

14.1***

1

10.5***

1

9.7***

Sovereignty

2

0.38

0.92

6.9**

0.57

2.1^NS

0.29

Human development index

2

1

99.5***

1

113.8***

1

33.6***

1

35.0***