Table 1 Design of model runs.

ID	Initial conditions	Surface heat flux	Comments
Three runs to test the model (August 25–October 7)
Case A1	8/25 condition^a	NARR and S&B^b	Salinity specified with data
Case A2	8/25 condition	NARR and TOGA (with observed SST)^c	Salinity specified with data
Case A3	8/25 condition	NARR and TOGA (with modeled SST)^c	Salinity specified with data
Three runs to examine the importance of the storm mixing event (September 7–October 7)
Case B1	8/25 condition	NARR and S&B
Case B2	8/25 condition (mixed)^a	NARR and S&B
Case B3	8/25 condition (mixed)	NARR and S&B	With a generic storm heat loss^d
Eight runs to examine the depth dependency of the compound impact^e (September 7–October 7)
Case C1a, C2a, C3a, C4a	Stratified	NARR and S&B
Case C1b, C2b, C3b, C4b	Vertically mixed	NARR and S&B

^aThe observed thermal profile at 23:00 on August 25, 2018 and its vertical average (black solid and black dashed lines in Fig. 4, respectively): The initial depth-average temperatures are 27.3 °C for cases A’s and B’s, and 28.8, 27.5, 26.1, and 23.4 °C for C1, C2, C3, and C4, respectively.
^bNet outward radiation estimated using the bulk formulations in ref. ²².
^cLatent and sensible heat flux estimated using the TOGA-COARE algorithms in ref. ³⁵ forced with observed or modeled SST.
^dWith a generic storm heat loss based on an open ocean category 3 storm following ref. ⁹.
^eIdealized thermal profiles with water depths of 20, 30, 40, and 60 m (cases C1–C4: see Fig. 4) with vertically uniform salinity.

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