Fig. 3: Ablation zone expansion and reduced refreezing capacity.
From: Low elevation of Svalbard glaciers drives high mass loss variability
a Time series of annual SMB and components including surface melt, runoff, total precipitation, and refreezing for the period 1958–2018. b Time series of annual ELA for the whole of Svalbard (black) and individual sectors (Fig. 1a, orange band). c Time series showing the modelled ablation zone area, the modelled and observed (MODIS) bare ice area as a fraction of the total Svalbard land ice area (%). d Time series of annual refreezing capacity for the whole of Svalbard (black) and individual sectors (cyan band). Dashed lines show averages for the periods 1958–1984 and 1985–2018. The grey shade highlights the period 2005–2012 when Svalbard SMB temporarily returned to the pre-1985 SMB conditions. Dashed grey lines represent the 2005–2012 mean conditions.
