Fig. 2: Characterisation of BAQ ONNs.

a Size change of BAQ NPs (10 µM) in acetate buffer with different pH values; data are mean values ± SD; n = 3 independent nanoparticle samples. b The pH-dependent haemolysis induced by BAQ NPs (50 µM, 4 h) in PBS buffer; data are mean values ± SD; n = 3 independent nanoparticle samples. c The pH change of BAQ NPs (1 mM) within hydrochloric acid (HCl, 0.1 M) titration. d, e Representative TEM micrograph at pH 7.4 (d) and pH 5.0 (e); the insets display the size distribution (left) and Tyndall effect (right); experiments were all repeated three times independently. f In vitro drug releasing patterns at pH 7.4 and pH 5.0; data are mean values ± SD; n = 3 independent nanoparticle samples. g The count rate for various concentrations of BAQ NPs in water; The intersection of two lines refers to CACs of BAQ12 NPs (0.45 µg mL−1, 0.76 µM) and BAQ13 NPs (0.15 µg mL−1, 0.25 µM); data are mean values ± SD; n = 3 independent nanoparticle samples.