Fig. 1: Effect of L3.3, D3.3, and C3.5 on Aβ42 fibrillization in vitro.

a ThT fluorescence assay of Aβ42 in the absence and presence of 3.3-nm L-GSH capped Au nanoparticles (denoted as Aβ42 + L3.3), 3.3 nm D-GSH capped Au nanoparticles (abbreviated as Aβ42 + D3.3), or 3.5 nm citrate-capped Au nanoparticles (denoted as Aβ42 + C3.5). The fibrillation kinetics is fitted with a sigmoidal function. b CD spectra of Aβ42 (40 μM) in the absence and presence of L3.3, D3.3, or C3.5 (110 nM) after co-incubation for 48 h. c Analysis of protein secondary structure. d AFM images of Aβ42 (40 μM) in the absence and presence of L3.3, D3.3, or C3.5 (110 nM) after co-incubation for 48 h. Scale bars, 1 μm. e TEM images of Aβ42 (40 μM) in the absence and presence of L3.3, D3.3, or C3.5 (110 nM) after co-incubation for 48 h. Scale bars, 200 nm. Error bars indicate the s.d. (n = 3 independent samples). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, two-sided Student’s t test. For detailed statistical analysis see Supplementary Tables 6 and 7. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.