Table 1 The list of biomarkers for response to immune checkpoint therapy that were compared in this study.

ImmuneCells.Sig

The immune cell signature identified in this study

IFNG.Sig

Interferon gamma (IFNγ) response biomarkers of 6 genes including IFNG, STAT1, IDO1, CXCL10, CXCL9, and HLA-DRA²⁴

CD8.Sig

Gene expression level of CD8A + CD8B + CD3D + CD3E + CD3G²⁵

PD-L1.Sig

Gene expression level of PD-L1 + PD-L2 + PD-1²⁵

CRMA.Sig

Anti-CTLA4 resistance MAGE genes, including MAGEA2, MAGEA2B, MAGEA3, MAGEA6, and MAGEA12²⁶

IMPRES.Sig

Immuno-predictive score (IMPRES), a predictor of Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response in melanoma based on 28 immune checkpoint genes²⁷

IRG.Sig

A prognostic signature based on 11 immune-related genes (IRGs) for predicting CC (cervical cancer) patients’ response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)²⁸

LRRC15.CAF.Sig

A signature of 14 marker genes of a specific type of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) – “LRRC15⁺ CAFs” that correlated with poor response to anti-PD-L1 therapy²⁹

T.cell.inflamed.Sig

An 18 gene “T-cell–inflamed gene expression signature” that can predict clinical benefit of anti-PD-1 in various cancer types (melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, digestive cancers, ovarian and triple negative breast cancers)^24,30

IPRES.Sig

IPRES (innate anti-PD-1 resistance) that included 16 genes involved in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, wound healing, and mesenchymal transition that predicted response to anti-PD-1 antibody therapy in melanoma^9,31

Inflammatory.Sig

A gene expression signature of 27 inflammation related genes that predicted response to immune checkpoint blockade in lung cancer³¹

EMT.Sig

A gene expression signature of 12 epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related genes that predicted response to immune checkpoint blockade in lung cancer³¹

Blood.Sig

A blood sample based 15-gene expression signature that can predict response to anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy³²