Fig. 1: Rectal swab microbiota from prostate cancer patients receiving no treatment CTRL, ADT, or ADT + AA.

a Principal component analysis (PCA) plot of the microbiota from patient samples. Sequence variants were collapsed at genus-level identification, with clr-transformed Aitchison distances used as input values for PCA analysis. The distance between points represent differences in microbiota composition. Strength of association for taxa are depicted by the length of red arrows shown. Ellipses indicate 95% confidence intervals for each group. b, c Percent relative abundance of the two largest influencers of microbiota separation based on treatment. Data represent the median (line in box), IQR (box), and minimum/maximum (whiskers) for CTRL (n = 33), ADT (n = 21), and ADT + AA (n = 14) patient samples. Statistics shown are derived from multivariate analysis performed using MaAsLin2 additive generalized linear models with log₁₀ clr-transformed input values. d, e ALDEx2 strip charts showing differential abundances of taxa between different patient groups. Positive values indicate increased relative abundance, while negative values indicate decreased relative abundance in the specified treatment groups (ADT or ADT + AA) relative to the CTRL samples. Statistical analysis performed with ALDEx2 and MaAsLin2 software. Features are colored red if ALDEx2 effect size differences (>1) and MaAsLin2 p value (<0.05) thresholds are exceeded, and blue if effect size difference (>2) and p value (<0.05) thresholds are exceeded. **P = 0.0030, ***p = 0.0007, ****p < 0.0001, and n.s. = not significant.