Fig. 1: Illustration of the multiple selective synthesis approaches (I–III) and structures of ternary MOF-on-MOF heterostructures (types A–C).

In approach I, ZIF-67 nanocrystals are selectively grown on top-bottom surfaces of MIL-125 in the first step (I, 1), forming a type a binary heterostructure. By further growth of ZIF-8 on ZIF-67 in a in the second step (I, 2), type A is synthesized. In approach II, a type b binary heterostructure is synthesized by growing ZIF-8 nanocrystals on the four corners of MIL-125 as an intermediate (II, 1). By further growth of ZIF-67 on ZIF-8 of b (II, 2), type B is generated. In approach III, Type C is obtained in one step by simultaneous growth of ZIF-8 on the four corners and Zn, Co-ZIF on the two top-bottom surfaces as well as four side surfaces.