Fig. 3: Cross-sectional SEM at the interface of the LLZO and the current collector.

SEM (a) as assembled, (b) after plating 5 mAh cm−2 of Li, and (c) after plating and then stripping of 5 mAh cm−2 of Li. Elemental maps for Cu and Zr at the interface (d) as assembled, (e) after plating, and (f) after plating and stripping. Metallic Li is observed under secondary electrons in between the Cu and LLZO layer in b but cannot be detected since the characteristic X-ray energy falls outside of the detection range of EDS.