Fig. 5: Metformin promotes BCG vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
From: Metformin enhances anti-mycobacterial responses by educating CD8+ T-cell immunometabolic circuits
a PPD-specific response of spleen cells, analyzed by flow cytometry. Data on IFNγ producing CD8+ T, TM, and TE cells. n = 5 mice/group. Box-and-whisker plot show the median, 5 and 95 percentiles, one-way ANOVA with Turkey’s multiple comparison test. b, c Mitotracker green b TMRM c staining of splenic CD8+ T cells from control and metformin-treated BCG-vaccinated WT mice. b n = 4 mice/group; c n = 5 mice/group. means ± SD, Mann–Whitney U test. d Changes in gene expression in CD8+ TM cells from BCG-vaccinated mice treated or not with metformin. IPA analysis of 607 DEGs. n = 5 mice/group. e Schematic of Mtb infection of metformin-treated BCG-vaccinated mice. Lung bacillary load at 30 days post infection (p.i) is shown. n = 6 mice/group. f Schematic of Mtb infection of metformin-treated unvaccinated and BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs. g Lung bacillary load in unvaccinated and BCG-vaccinated Mtb-infected guinea pigs treated or not with metformin. n = 6–7 animals/group. h Light micrographs of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of lung sections from animals in g. Magnification for main image ×40 (scale bars, 50 μm) and insert ×100. i Morphometric analysis of lung sections shown in h indicating the mean lesion lung involvement from each guinea pig. n = 6–7 animals/group. Data in a–c, e is representative of two independent experiments. Guinea pig data in g and i is from one experiment. Data in e, g, and i, means ± SD, Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple correction.
