Table 5 Results of regressing offspring cardiometabolic risk factors on paternal GRS^a after conditioning on offspring GRS^a in father–offspring pairs.

	Autosomal SNPs (N = 204)			Autosomal SNPs with maternal effect (N = 71)			Autosomal SNPs with maternal effect only (N = 31)
Outcome	Effect estimate	SE	p-value	Effect estimate	SE	p-value	Effect estimate	SE	p-value
SBP (mmHg)	−0.0088	0.0077	0.2512	−0.0008	0.0076	0.9143	0.0097	0.0076	0.2050
DBP (mmHg)	−0.0048	0.0075	0.5238	0.0061	0.0074	0.4114	0.0025	0.0075	0.7412
Glucose (mmol/L)^b	0.0031	0.0081	0.6102	0.0086	0.0080	0.2786	0.0017	0.0075	0.8362
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	−0.0027	0.0079	0.7318	−0.0085	0.0078	0.2798	−0.0102	0.0079	0.1951
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	−0.0009	0.0075	0.9445	−0.0019	0.0074	0.8027	−0.0033	0.0075	0.6637
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	−0.0011	0.0079	0.8912	−0.0046	0.0078	0.5494	−0.0131	0.0077	0.0959
Triglycerides (mmol/L)^b	−1.2 × 10⁻⁰³	0.0080	0.8851	−0.0039	0.0079	0.6087	−0.0039	0.0079	0.6238
BMI^b	−0.0016	0.0082	0.6710	−0.0001	0.0068	1	0.0119	0.0080	0.1414

The regression coefficients give the estimated expected change in offspring cardiometabolic outcome (in the units listed in column 1) per one unit (i.e. allele) increase in paternal genetic risk score after conditioning on offspring genetic risk score. Effect estimates and standard errors are standardized. P-values reflect minus two log-likelihood chi-square tests between the full model and a sub-model where the relevant parameter is fixed to zero. All p-values are two sided uncorrected for multiple testing. All analyses are adjusted for age, sex, measurement occasion and GRS of offspring.
GRS genetic risk score, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, Glucose non-fasting glucose, BMI body mass index, LDL non-fasting low density lipoprotein, HDL non-fasting high density lipoprotein, mmol/L millimol per litre, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, N number of individuals, SE standard error.
^aPaternal and offspring GRS were coded so that increasing dosages reflected maternal alleles associated with increased offspring birthweight based on conditional GWAS results previously published.
^bOffspring phenotype first (natural) logarithm transformed.

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