Fig. 2: The apoptosis levels of bladder cell lines transfected with either the minigene circuit or the traditional circuit.

The level of cell apoptosis was calculated using the Cell Death Detection ELISA assay. Results are shown as the mean ± SD. The minigene circuit without output gene was used as the negative control. Each experiment was performed in triplicate for five independent times. Each error bar indicates the variation (standard deviation) between the means of five independent experiments. The small purple dots represent the mean of each independent experiment. The numerical category label represented the number of the corresponding cell line in each group. mU = absorbance [10−3]. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 between the groups using a two-tailed t-test. Exact p-values for asterisks (from left to right): 0.0002, 0.0056, 0.0043, 0.0005, 0.0041, 0.0061, 0.0001, 0.0047, 0.0052, 0.0002, 0.0045, 0.0058, 0.0006, 0.0008, 0.0005, 0.0009, 0.0005, 0.0007, 0.0003, 0.0004, 0.025, 0.031, and 0.035. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.