Fig. 4: Schematic illustration of shear-wave anisotropy in the Japan Trench subduction zone.

Green double-headed arrows show the observation of the fast shear wave direction at the surface stations. Spheroids show the main location of the anisotropy along ray paths (blue arrows), with the longest axis indicating the fast direction. Spheres represent a lack of anisotropy. Grayline and cylinders show the S-net cable and OBSs, respectively. Redline and red dashed lines show the volcanic front and its deep extension. Pairs of opposite pink arrows show a slip of the subduction interface, but pairs of arrows with the same direction show the mantle material is coupled to, and travels with, the slab (interplate coupling). Triangles and thin gray lines represent volcanoes and active faults, respectively.