Fig. 1: Loopy and non-loopy real-world supply networks.
From: Discontinuous transition to loop formation in optimal supply networks
a The leaves of Ginkgo biloba and c the distribution grid IEEE123 form loopless supply networks. b The venation network of Prunus serrulata and d the Scandinavian power grid on the transmission level form loopy supply networks. Leaf venation networks extracted from photographs, distribution grid taken from ref. 50 and transmission grid topology extracted from the open power system model PyPSA-Eur49.
