Fig. 3: Chronostratigraphy and foraminiferal radiocarbon dates in sediment core MD12-3396CQ.

a Benthic foraminiferal (red) and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma ¹⁴C dates (light blue) obtained with the Bern-Mini Carbon Dating System (MICADAS, gas and graphite ¹⁴C analyses), as well as planktic foraminiferal ¹⁴C dates obtained with conventional accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating at the ARTEMIS laboratory at the University of Paris-Saclay (open symbols; graphite analyses), grey line shows atmospheric ¹⁴C ages (ShCal13)²⁶, see Supplementary Fig. 5 for more details, b first principal component (PC1) of our three (sub-)sea surface temperature (SST) records (pink) and Antarctica air-temperature variations represented by the EPICA Dome C (EDC) δD record²⁵ (grey), c planktic foraminiferal assemblage-based²¹ summer SST changes (orange), TEX^L₈₆-based²³ sub-SST estimates (green), and N. pachyderma Mg/Ca-based²² SST variations (blue), envelopes indicate the 1σ standard deviation-uncertainty range (smoothed), and d tiepoints between (sub-)SST variations recorded in MD12-3396CQ and δD variations in the EDC ice core^25,69 (yellow and vertical stippled lines, see also Supplementary Figs. 2 and 3), and calibrated planktic foraminiferal ¹⁴C dates (grey). Horizontal bar in c indicates the modern SST range at the core site (7.2–8.4 °C, 0–50 m average; World Ocean Atlas 2013)²⁴.