Fig. 2: Electrochemical characterizations of Sb/CS and Sb/FCS electrodes.

Voltage profiles of Sb/CS and Sb/FCS with a fixed charging capacity of 0.47 mA h cm−2 at a 30 mA cm−2 (55 s charging) and b 20 mA cm−2 (85 s charging). c Corresponding discharging curves at different cycles at 20 mA cm−2 and d CE of the Sb stripping/plating on the bare CS and FCS. e Optical photographs of Sb/CS and Sb/FCS after 1000 cycles at 20 mA cm−2.