Fig. 1: Schematic illustrations of CNM-NC 3D printing.

a The illustrations depict the traditional nanocomposite (NC) and NC with a connected nanomaterial matrix. b The illustration of 3D printing of Pickering emulgel. Step 1: The mixture of aqueous nanomaterial (NM) dispersion and oil were emulsified into Pickering emulgel using a homogenizer. The jamming of droplets and nanomaterials results in suitable rheology for direct ink printing. Step 2: The obtained emulgel is extruded into filaments through a nozzle and printed layer-by-layer into various patterns. Crosslinking and the concurrently occurred reduction at step 3, as well as the following drying in step 4 are conducted to obtained stable nanocomposites. The nanocomposites allow the hybridization of water-soluble and non-water-soluble species from both phases.