Fig. 5: IR-61 suppresses chronic inflammation in vivo.

a–c Relative mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokines in the epi WAT (a) and liver (b), plasma concentrations of cytokines (c) of NCD-fed and HFD-fed mice treated preventatively with IR-61 or the vehicle control. d–f Relative mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokines in epi WAT (d) and liver (e), plasma concentrations of the cytokines (f) of the mice with established obesity treated with IR-61 or vehicle control. g Representative images of H&E stained sections of VAT from NCD-fed or HFD-fed mice treated preventatively with IR-61 or vehicle control (Scale bars, 100 μm). White arrows show crown-like structures. h, i Adipocyte size distribution (left panel) and the average size of adipocytes (right panel) were assessed on H&E-stained slices in (g). j Relative mRNA levels of the macrophage marker in the epi WAT of NCD-fed and HFD-fed mice treated with IR-61 or vehicle control. k Relative mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokines in epi WAT of the mice with established obesity treated with vehicle, IR-61, BMS-303141, and BMS-303141+IR-61. Sample sizes are (a) n = 5/5/5/5 mice, (b) Tnf n = 4/4/3/4 mice, Il6 n = 3/4/4/5 mice, Il1b n = 3/4/4/3 mice, (c) n = 3/3 mice, (d) n = 5/5 mice, (e) Tnf n = 4/5 mice, Il6 n = 5/4 mice, Il1b n = 4/5 mice, (f) Tnf n = 4/4 mice, IL-6 n = 4/4 mice, IL-1β n = 5/5 mice, (g-i) n = 6/6/7/6 mice, (j) n = 5/5/5/5 mice, (k) Tnf n = 5/5/4/4 mice, Il6 n = 4/5/5/4 mice, Il1b n = 4/5/5/5 mice. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; two-sided Student’s t-test). Exact p-values are given in the Source Data file. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.