Fig. 1: Comparing nanoconfined enzyme cascades.

Comparisons between: a catalysis by a nanoconfined enzyme cascade immobilized on a scaffold that is suspended in solution; b catalysis by an enzyme cascade confined in zones of nanopores formed naturally by electrodeposition of indium tin oxide nanoparticles on a conducting support. The nanopore-confined cascades are energizable and directly observable via electron flow through the transducer ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (E1).