Table 2 Univariate and multivariate Fine-Gray regression in the training cohort.

Collagen signature

4.11 (2.58–6.56)

2.49 (1.52–4.08)

Age

0.99 (0.98–1.02)

Sex (Female vs. Male)

0.87 (0.53–1.43)

BMI (≥24 kg/m² vs. <24 kg/m²)

1.14 (0.69–1.89)

CEA (Elevated vs. Normal)

1.08 (0.67–1.73)

CA 19-9 (Elevated vs. Normal)

1.58 (0.98–2.55)

Tumour location

   Antrum of the stomach

Reference

   Body of the stomach

1.32 (0.80–2.19)

   Cardia of the stomach

1.07 (0.60–1.90)

Tumour size (≥4 cm vs. <4 cm)

3.32 (1.99–5.52)

2.35 (1.37–4.02)

Lauren classification (Diffuse or mixed vs. Intestinal)

1.30 (0.82–2.07)

Differentiation status

   Well + Moderate

Reference

Reference

   Poor

2.35 (1.18–4.69)

1.42 (0.66–3.05)

   Undifferentiated

3.67 (1.81–7.47)

2.12 (0.96–4.72)

Lymph node metastasis

   N0

Reference

Reference

   N1

3.16 (1.35–7.44)

2.47 (1.02–6.20)

   N2

3.32 (1.33–8.24)

2.50 (1.01–6.20)

   N3a

6.18 (2.67–14.29)

3.22 (1.25–8.31)

   N3b

9.28 (3.94–21.87)

4.43 (1.65–11.94)

Chemotherapy (Yes vs. No)

0.75 (0.46–1.23)