Fig. 6: Device structure and photovoltaic performance of tandem solar cells.

a Device architecture of the tandem OSCs. b Energy level diagram of the related materials in the tandem OSCs. c The J–V curves of the optimal tandem OSC under the illumination of AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm−2. d EQE spectra of the front and rear cells of the tandem OSC. e PCE distribution of the BTPV-4F based single-junction OSCs and tandem OSCs based on 30 individual devices.