Table 1 Initial (floor) assumptions for energy demand and cost of DAC processes considered in this analysis.

From: Emergency deployment of direct air capture as a response to the climate crisis

DAC process

Heat requirement

Electricity demand (kWh tCO2–1)

Heat/gas demand (GJ tCO2–1)

Capital cost (2018$ tCO2–1 yr–1)

Reference

LT

<150 °C

444 (286)

4.8 (3.4)

2170 (812)

ref. 19

HT-gas

~900 °C

366 (366)

5.3 (5.3)

1053 (729)

ref. 18

594 (350)

12.2 (5.3)

1334 (722)

ref. 19

HT-electric

–

4358 (3322)

–

769 (592)

ref. 19

HT-hydrogen

–

5497 (3244)

–

2112 (1120)

ref. 19

  1. The LT DAC process is defined by demand for heat generally; HT DAC is defined by demand for natural gas. Data are available from commercial firms18 and academic sources19, which we distinguish throughout this investigation. (See Supplementary Table 6 for full data sets of modeled DAC processes.)
  2. LT low-temperature, HT high-temperature.
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