Fig. 3: Repolarization of M2-like macrophages to M1 phenotype by Met@Man-MPs.
From: Boosting anti-PD-1 therapy with metformin-loaded macrophage-derived microparticles
a–e mRNA expression levels of TNFα (a), iNOS (b), Mrc1 (c), Mgl1 (d), and Arg1 (e) in IL-4-conditioned RAW264.7 cells after treatment with PBS, MPs, Man-MPs, free Met, Met@MPs or Met@Man-MPs derived from RAW264.7 cells at the Met concentration of 20 μg mL−1, or high concentration of Met at 200 μg mL−1 for 24 h by real-time RT-PCR. Data are presented as means ± s.d. (n = 4 biologically independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test). f–h Cell viability of H22 (f), 4T1 (g), and HepG2 cells (h) after treatment with the supernatants of IL-4-conditioned RAW264.7 cells pretreated with PBS, MPs, Man-MPs, free Met, Met@MPs or Met@Man-MPs derived from RAW264.7 cells at the Met concentration of 20 μg mL−1, or high dosage of free Met at 200 μg mL−1 for 24 h. Data are presented as means ± s.d. (n = 4 biologically independent samples; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test). i Tumor formation in BALB/c mice after subcutaneous co-implantation of H22 cells (8 × 105 cells per mouse) and IL-4-conditioned RAW264.7 cells pretreated with PBS, MPs, Man-MPs, free Met, Met@MPs or Met@Man-MPs derived from RAW264.7 cells at the Met concentration of 20 μg mL−1, or high dosage of free Met at 200 μg mL−1 for 24 h at a ratio of 1:2 into the flanks of BALB/c mice (n = 8 mice per group). j Tumor volume in BALB/c mice after treatment indicated in (i). Data are presented as means ± s.e.m. (n = 8 mice per group; two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons post-test). k Tumor weight at the end of treatment indicated in (i). Data are presented as means ± s.d. (n = 8 mice per group; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
